Copyright © 2012 Study Island - All rights reserved.
Generation Date:	03/08/2012
Generated By:	Brooke Smith

Textual Evidence
Luther Vandross

Luther Vandross was one of the most influential R&B singers of his time. He was born in New York City and came from a musical family. His older sister was a member of a high school singing group. Luther began playing the piano at three and also sung in a group in high school called Shades of Jade.
Vandross went off to college at Western Michigan University but dropped out to pursue music after one year. He started his career behind the scenes of the music industry. He sang backup for successful '80s artists like Roberta Flack, Diana Ross, Carly Simon, Chaka Khan, Donna Summer, Bette Midler, and David Bowie. He also started writing songs, including "Everybody Rejoice" for the Broadway musical The Wiz.
In the '70s , Vandross and several other former Shades of Jade members formed another singing group called Luther. The group had two fairly successful singles but didn't sell albums. Luther was eventually dropped from its record label.
Vandross went on to write and sing jingles for commercials. He also sang lead in a disco band called Greg Diamond's Bionic Boogie and sang with the band Soiree.
In 1980, Vandross became a featured singer with a group called Change. The group had several successful singles, and after he left the group, Vandross got a solo record deal with Epic Records. He released his debut album, Never Too Much. The title track became a hit as did a remake of a song called "A House is Not a Home" that became one of Vandross' biggest hits.
He also continued to write and produce for other artists, including Queen of Soul, Aretha Franklin. He produced Franklin's "comeback album" Jump to It. The CD sold 500,000 copies and won several awards. In 1991, he released Power of Love and had his first two top ten hits on the pop charts. He went on to record "Endless Love" with Mariah Carey.
During his career, he sold more than 25 million albums. Vandross also won eight Grammy Awards, including four for Best Male R&B Performance and Song of the Year. He was nominated for a staggering 31 Grammys during his 20-year solo career.
After Vandross passed away from a heart attack in 2005, several tribute albums were released in his honor. One of the most successful tributes was So Amazing: An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross. It included artists like Stevie Wonder, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Alicia Keys, Beyoncé, Elton John, and John Legend. Beyoncé and Stevie Wonder won a Grammy award for their cover of Vandross' "So Amazing." Aretha Franklin also won an award for her version of his "A House is Not a Home."
1.

Based on the evidence in this passage, which word best describes Luther Vandross?

A.	rebellious	B.	determined	C.	genial	D.	irritable

2.

Which sentence from the passage best supports the idea that Luther Vandross was one of the most influential R&B singers of his time?

A.	He also started writing songs, including "Everybody Rejoice" for the Broadway musical The Wiz.	B.	Luther began playing the piano at three and also sung in a group in high school called Shades of Jade.	C.	Vandross also won eight Grammy Awards , including four for Best Male R&B Performance and Song of the Year.	D.	He was born in New York City and came from a musical family.

3.

Read this sentence from the passage.
Vandross sang backup for successful '80s artists like Roberta Flack, Diana Ross, Carly Simon, Chaka Khan, Donna Summer, Bette Midler, and David Bowie.
This sentence from the passage supports the idea that

A.	Vandross had a successful behind-the-scenes career before he got a record deal.	B.	Vandross thought he would never make it big as a professional singer and writer.	C.	Vandross only liked working with other R&B artists who were successful in music.	D.	Vandross became discouraged after his singing group was dropped from its label.

4.

Which statement from the passage best supports the idea that Vandross loved singing?

A.	The group had two fairly successful singles but didn't sell albums.	B.	The title track became a hit as did a remake of a song called "A House is Not a Home" that became one of Vandross' biggest hits.	C.	He also sang lead in a disco band called Greg Diamond's Bionic Boogie and sang with the band Soiree.	D.	He went off to college at Western Michigan University but dropped out to pursue music after one year.

5.

Which example best supports the idea that Vandross is respected by his peers?

A.	becoming lead singer in a number of groups	B.	his successful solo debut, Never Too Much	C.	a successful career singing and writing jingles	D.	several tribute CDs were released in his honor

Kevon was determined to pin Cameron's arms to the ground, but Cameron was doing everything in his power to keep that from happening. The fact that the two boys were tussling in an elevator didn't help Kevon's plight at all. And his little sister's screaming was disrupting his concentration.
"Oh my goodness! Would you two just stop it already? There's not enough room in this tiny elevator for you to fight," Kelly screamed. "Could you at least wait until we get out of here?"
"Okay, okay! If you agree to stop that screaming, we'll stop fighting," Cameron said.
Kevon never thought he'd see the day when the school bully was taking orders from a little girl. He wasn't sure if he could trust Cameron's word.
"I never thought I'd see the day Cameron Maines would let a girl tell him what to do," he said.
"Dude, nobody tells me what to do," Cameron said, pushing Kevon's shoulder. "I stopped because I have a little sister at home, and I never let her see me fight."
"You mean your parents have more kids?" Kevon said. I'm going to have to teach Kelly how to defend herself sooner than I anticipated, he thought.
"I just have one little sister, and we're close," Cameron said. "Kelly, I'm sorry for behaving this way in front of you."
"I never would have guessed you had any soft spots," Kevon blurted out before he even realized it. "I mean, you just don't seem like you let people get close to you."
Cameron sighed. "I am very close to my family. I don't think people realize what it's like to be me."
"You mean what it's like to be the strongest, tallest kid in the whole school?" Kevon laughed. "Do tell!"
"I have been the biggest, tallest person in school for as long as I can remember. People made fun of me until I started standing up for myself," Cameron said. "I wasn't always mean. I just give people what they expect."
"You shouldn't be mean to people because that's what they expect," Kelly chimed in. "You should just be yourself."
"Kelly, you're a lot wiser than I give you credit for," Kevon said.
"I have tried being nice to people before," Cameron replied. "And I wound up eating lunch alone anyway. People were afraid I was trying to play a joke on them."
Wow, I had no clue Cameron felt that way, Kevon thought. Puts things in a different light. He doesn't seem so scary after all.
Just then the elevator doors creaked open.
"Are you kids okay?" a voice said.
"Yes, we are! Thank you so much for coming," Kelly said.
"You must've been the one who called for help?"
"Wait, how did you call them?" Cameron said.
"I used the emergency phone in the elevator," Kelly replied. "You two were so busy wrestling that you missed it."
"Wow, you really are just like my little sister Claire." Cameron laughed. "You two would get along great."
"You'll have to introduce us sometime," Kelly said.
"Well, I guess I will see you around school," Cameron mumbled.
"Hey, do you want to go to the pizza parlor with us to grab a slice?" Kevon asked.
"Are you sure you want me to come with you?"
"I insist!" Kelly said. "You should also invite Claire."
"That sounds like a great idea. We can compare notes on our bratty little sisters!" Kevon laughed.
"Kevon!" Kelly screamed.
Cameron and Kevon looked at each other and laughed.
6.

Which quote from the passage supports the idea that Cameron thinks highly of his sister Claire?

A.	"Wow, you really are just like my little sister Claire."	B.	I'm going to have to teach Kelly how to defend sooner than I anticipated.	C.	"I stopped because I have a little sister at home, and I never let her see me fight."	D.	"Okay, okay! If you agree to stop that screaming, we'll stop fighting."

7.

What can be inferred from the evidence in the passage?

A.	Cameron is really a nice guy.	B.	Cameron is afraid of Kevon.	C.	Kelly is the smarter sibling.	D.	Kelly and Kevon fight a lot.

8.

Which quote from the passage supports the idea that Cameron started using bullying as a defense mechanism?

A.	"I have been the biggest, tallest person in school for as long as I can remember. People made fun of me until I started standing up for myself."	B.	"And I wound up eating lunch alone anyway. People were afraid I was trying to play a joke on them."	C.	"You mean what it's like to be the strongest, tallest kid in the whole school?"	D.	Kevon never thought he'd see the day when the school bully was taking orders from a little girl. He wasn't sure if he could trust Cameron's word.

9.

Which quote from the passage best supports the idea that Kevon's opinion about Cameron has changed?

A.	"We can compare notes on our bratty little sisters!"	B.	"You mean your parents have more kids?"	C.	"Hey, do you want to go to the pizza parlor with us to grab a slice?"	D.	He wasn't sure if he could trust Cameron's word.

10.

From the passage, the reader can tell that

A.	The elevator people heard Kelly's screams.	B.	Cameron is worried what Kevon thinks of him.	C.	Kevon's little sister is very sharp.	D.	Kevon will fight Cameron at the pizza parlor.

11.

Based on the evidence in the passage, Cameron can be described as

A.	stubborn.	B.	lonely.	C.	bossy.	D.	impolite.

Micro Pig

Most people have probably heard that pigs are smarter than dogs. Studies have shown that pigs are thought to have the intelligence of a 3-year-old human child. A Penn State study showed that pigs can play video games that use joysticks. In fact, they proved to be better at the games than some members of the chimp family. The same study revealed that pigs could be taught to recognize and use objects, like a Frisbee or a dumb bell, and still remember them three years later. University of Illinois scientists conducted a study in which pigs used trial and error to figure out how to turn the heat on and off in a cold barn.
Although we might find a pig's intelligence to be impressive, most of us would be unlikely to allow a full-grown one to live in our homes. People who would consider a pig for a pet are in luck. Micro pigs are the latest craze in unusual pets. But don't think of them as purse or pocket pigs! They grow to be about 40 to 65 pounds, the size of many adult dogs. Because pigs have hair instead of fur, they might actually prove to be better pets for people with allergies. They can be trained to use a litter box, and most owners say they're clean animals.
However, do your research before choosing a pig as a pet. Pigs can be destructive if they don't have the companionship, attention, stimulation, and boundaries they require. Pigs are social animals, and some breeders only sell them in pairs.
12.

What does the statement "Studies have shown that pigs are thought to have the intelligence of a 3-year-old human child" mean?

A.	Pigs and dogs are equally smarter than kids.	B.	Despite being animals, pigs are extremely smart.	C.	At the age of three, kids are smarter than dogs.	D.	Dogs and kids could learn a lot from pigs.

13.

Which statement from the passage supports the idea that micro pigs are good pets?

A.	Pigs are social animals, and some breeders only sell them in pairs.	B.	A Penn State study showed that pigs can play video games that use joysticks.	C.	Although we might find pigs' intelligence to be impressive , most of us would be unlikely to allow a full-grown one to live in our homes.	D.	They can be trained to use a litter box, and most owners say they're clean animals.

14.

Read this sentence from the passage.
However, do your research before choosing one of these unusual pets.
Based on this statement, what is the author suggesting?

A.	Unusual pets are almost always a bad idea because wild animals should not be confined to our homes and backyards.	B.	Although micro pigs may seem like good pets, make sure you know what you're getting into before you buy one.	C.	People who bought micro pigs do so because they did not properly research them before they made the purchase.	D.	If your home is not large enough for the micro pig to run and play with its mate, you may want to reconsider buying them.

15.

Which statement from the article supports the idea that having a micro pig as a pet is a bad idea?

A.	University of Illinois scientists conducted a study in which pigs used trial and error to figure out how to turn the heat on and off in a cold barn.	B.	Pigs can be destructive if they don't have the companionship, attention, stimulation, and boundaries they require.	C.	Because pigs have hair instead of fur, they might actually prove to be better pets for people with allergies.	D.	The same study revealed that pigs could be taught to recognize and use objects, like a Frisbee or a dumb bell, and still remember them three years later.

Of Donkeys and Elephants

You may be familiar with the elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party and the donkey as a representative for the Democratic Party. But have you ever wondered how these symbols were chosen?
The Democratic National Convention says it never officially adopted the donkey as its mascot, but it does make use of the symbol. The donkey first made an appearance in the 1828 presidential election. The opponents of Andrew Jackson called him a donkey. Jackson decided to make the image work in his favor by using it on his campaign posters. Then, an 1837 political cartoon showed Jackson riding a donkey that represented the Democratic Party. In 1870, Thomas Nast's Harper's Weekly political cartoon revived the use of the donkey as a symbol for the party. Other cartoonists soon adopted this use.
Nast also introduced the use of the elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party. In his 1874 political cartoon, he drew a donkey in lion's skin scaring away all of the animals at the zoo. The elephant in the cartoon was labeled "The Republican Vote."

© 1874 Thomas Nast Harper's Weekly

After that, the use of the elephant symbol stuck with the Republican Party. When asked what the symbols mean today, Democrats respond that the donkey is "smart and brave," and Republicans say the elephant is "strong and dignified."
16.

Which of these can be concluded from the passage?

A.	Andrew Jackson used aggressive measures in 1828.	B.	In the 1800s, political cartoons were very influential.	C.	Thomas Nast had something against political parties.	D.	Harper's Weekly favored one party over the other.

17.

What can be inferred from the political cartoon in the passage?

A.	Nast thought the Democrats of his day were aggressive and maybe even frightening.	B.	In Nast's view, the Republican Party was the largest and most influential political group.	C.	Political parties were responsible for causing inflation and destroying government reform.	D.	The Democratic Party also chose the lion to represent them in addition to the donkey.

18.

Read this sentence from the passage.
The Democratic National Convention says it never officially adopted the donkey as its mascot, but it does make use of the symbol.
What does this sentence from the passage imply?

A.	The Democrats never actually chose a donkey to represent them.	B.	The first political parties were assigned the best mascots.	C.	No political party gets to choose its own representative mascot.	D.	The Republicans chose a donkey to represent the Democratic Party.

19.

What does the evidence in this passage suggest?

A.	Neither party chose its mascots, but both have come to embrace them.	B.	Andrew Jackson referred to the Republicans as elephants, and it stuck.	C.	The Democratic Party resents being referred to as a headstrong animal.	D.	The Republican Party finds the "elephant" label offensive and inaccurate.

Why Go Vegetarian?

People choose to eliminate meat from their diets for a number of reasons. Concerns about farming practices, health risks, and environmental problems are just a few.
In recent years, many animal rights activists have investigated the way animals are treated on large factory farms. They found that many farm animals spend their entire lives in cages and are often neglected and abused. Investigators also found that some animals are sometimes fed chemicals to fatten them up or get them to produce more milk or eggs.
Some health experts say that a healthy vegetarian diet can help reduce heart disease, cancer, and stroke. They say vegetarians also have lower cholesterol and blood pressure and are less likely to develop type-2 diabetes. Others claim that a vegetarian diet will lead to a longer life. However, most of the evidence seems to come from personal opinion instead of scientific studies.
Many vegetarian supporters might say the best thing you can do for the environment is to stop eating meat. Some estimates show that the amount of water used just for farming equals the amount of water used for everything else in the United States combined. Supporters say it takes 2,500 gallons of water to produce a single pound of beef. This is equivalent to taking a long shower every day for two-and-a-half weeks. The fertilizer that is used to grow crops that feed animals has also been identified by the Environmental Protection Agency as a major water pollutant.
However, there are many who disagree with vegetarian diet supporters. A recent United Kingdom study shows that while vegetarians seemed less likely to have cancer overall, they were more likely to have colon cancer. Another study says that vegetarians are at high risk for not having enough iron because the richest sources of iron are meat-based. Some experts even say that animal fats are "necessary for human health."
Some organizations, like Chicago-based research center The Heartland Institute, deny that meat production harms the environment. In fact, they say that most of the land that is used for livestock farming is not suitable for growing food. So using it to raise cattle doubles the amount of food produced. Heartland also says that not only are safe practices required by law, but farmers have to take care of their animals in order to make money. They say that poorly fed and treated animals produce less meat. In turn, farmers make less money off of them.
No matter whose side you agree with, you should always consult with your doctor before changing your diet.
20.

According to the article, what pieces of evidence support the claim that vegetarians are healthier?

A.	fats in animal meat are essential to human health	B.	higher risk of colon cancer and lower levels of iron	C.	animals raised on factory farms are treated poorly	D.	lower occurences of heart disease, cancer, and stroke

21.

The author says "This is equivalent to taking a long shower every day for two-and-a-half weeks" to

A.	show the reader how much water is needed to start a farm.	B.	convince readers to give up taking long showers every day.	C.	give the reader an example of how much water is wasted.	D.	inform the reader about how wonderful long showers are.

22.

Which of these best supports the idea of raising cattle as cruel?

A.	Others claim that a vegetarian diet will lead to a longer life. However, most of the evidence seems to come from personal opinion instead of scientific studies.	B.	They found that many farm animals spend their entire lives in cages and are often neglected and abused.	C.	Some experts even say that animal fats are "necessary for human health."	D.	They say that poorly fed and treated animals produce less meat. In turn, farmers make less money off of them.

23.

What does the author mean when he or she writes, "No matter whose side you agree with, you should always consult with your doctor before changing your diet"?

A.	A doctor would convince you that keeping lean meats in your diet is the healthiest choice.	B.	A health professional can refer you to a qualified dietician and personal trainer for weight loss.	C.	It is important to seek the advice of a health professional before making drastic diet changes.	D.	Doctors are more likely to agree that a vegetarian diet is the best choice for everyone.

24.

Which sentence from the passage supports the claim that eating meat is bad for the environment?

A.	The fertilizer that is used to grow crops that feed animals has also been identified by the Environmental Protection Agency as a major water pollutant.	B.	In recent years, many animal rights activists have investigated the way animals are treated on large factory farms.	C.	In fact, they say that most of the land that is used for livestock farming is not suitable for growing food.	D.	Heartland also says that not only are safe practices required by law, but farmers have to take care of their animals in order to make money.

25.

Based on the passage, the reader can tell that The Heartland Institute is probably

A.	against meat consumption.	B.	in favor of raising livestock.	C.	politically motivated.	D.	completely unbiased.

26.

Which statement from the passage rejects the idea that raising cattle is bad for the environment?

A.	In fact, they say that most of the land that is used for livestock farming is not suitable for growing food. So using it to raise cattle doubles the amount of food produced.	B.	Some estimates show that the amount of water used just for farming equals the amount of water used for everything else in the United States combined.	C.	Heartland also says that not only are safe practices required by law, but farmers have to take care of their animals in order to make money. They say that poorly fed and treated animals produce less meat.	D.	They found that many farm animals spend their entire lives in cages and are often neglected and abused.

"Your main problem is that you take yourself too seriously, Flo," Aubrey said. "There's nothing wrong with being a poet, but do you have to wear all black and speak in that sing-song voice all of the time?"
"Don't try to stifle my intellectual growth, man," Flo said. "I need to think, walk, and act poetry all of the time so that I am ready to write a poem whenever it comes to me!"
"Flo, I have known you since we were 5 years old, and you are not that deep!" Aubrey responded. "You read all of the Midnight series, for goodness sake! Stop pretending, and just be yourself!"
"Aubrey, keep your voice down!" Flo said, checking to make sure no one heard her. "I didn't come here for you to tell me what to do. I came so you could tell me what to do to get a date for the poetry reading."
"Since when are you interested in getting a date? I thought you said you enjoyed being alone so you could 'channel all of your high school anguish' into your poetry?"
"Since I found out all of the other girls in my poetry group are bringing dates," Flo said. "Are you going to help your best friend or what?"
"You know there's nothing I wouldn't do to help you, but I don't know any special strategies or anything," Aubrey said. "I am just myself around guys. If they like me, then great. If they don't, it's not the end of the world."
"You do what?" Flo said in disbelief. "If that's what it takes to get a boyfriend, I think I will stay single!" She slammed her locker.
Aubrey just shook her head and laughed. "Are we still on for movie night Friday?"
"Only if you bring Mean Girls," Flo said, pouting. "You know it's my favorite!"
"Of course, Flo," Aubrey replied. "I know you like complex international films."
Both girls broke up into laughter.
27.

From the passage the reader can tell that

A.	Aubrey is probably more intelligent than Flo.	B.	Aubrey and Flo have been friends for a long time.	C.	Flo's least favorite pastime is writing her own poetry.	D.	Flo is naturally gifted when it comes to meeting guys.

28.

Which can be inferred from this passage?

A.	Poets at high schools have to wear black.	B.	Aubrey is one of the most popular kids.	C.	Flo has more dating experience than Aubrey.	D.	Flo isn't comfortable with being herself.

29.

Which quote from the passage supports the idea that Flo and Aubrey are good friends?

A.	"There's nothing wrong with being a poet, but do you have to wear all black and speak in that sing-song voice all of the time?"	B.	"I need to think, walk, and act poetry all of the time so that I am ready to write a poem whenever it comes to me!"	C.	"You know there's nothing I wouldn't do to help you, but I don't know any special strategies or anything."	D.	"I am just myself around guys. If they like me, then great . If they don't, it's not the end of the world."

30.

From this passage, the reader can tell that Aubrey is

A.	honest.	B.	untrustworthy.	C.	serious.	D.	impractical.

31.

Which quote from the passage helps show the reader that Flo isn't as deep as she pretends to be?

A.	"Don't try to stifle my intellectual growth, man."	B.	"Are you going to help your best friend or what?"	C.	"Only if you bring Mean Girls . . . You know it's my favorite!"	D.	"I came so you could tell me what to do to get a date for the poetry reading."

32.

Based on the evidence in the passage, which statement is most likely true?

A.	Aubrey and Flo do not get along very well.	B.	Aubrey is one of the best poets at school.	C.	Flo is pretending to be deep just to get a date.	D.	Flo is probably very dramatic about most things.

Lightning rippled across the sky just as a loud crack of thunder roared. Mark sighed and released the blinds as he pushed the curtain back closed. "I guess we aren't going four-wheeling today after all," he said to himself.
This was supposed to be a big weekend for Mark and his big brother, Mario. Ever since he had gone to high school, Mario was too busy hanging out with his new friends to play games with Mark. Mark was still in shock from Mario asking him to do something on a Saturday. "Now, I will never get my big brother back," he mumbled and flopped onto the sofa.
"What's wrong, Little Bro?" Mario asked when he saw Mark sulking. "You sad I'm not going to be able to beat you at four-wheeling today?"
"Mario, what are you doing here?" Mark asked. "I figured you'd be out at the mall hanging out with your friends or something."
"Huh? I thought we were supposed to hang out today?" Mario said, quizzically.
"We can't go four-wheeling. There's lightning outside." Mark replied. "Just be thankful you got off the hook. Now you can find something to do with your friends instead of spending your Saturday with your bratty little brother."
"What?" Mario asked. "Do you really think I only offered to hang out with you out of obligation? If I wanted to be with my friends, I would be!"
Mark turned to face Mario and squinted at him. "Well, then why did you offer?"
"Um, because you're my little brother, and I have no idea what is going on in your life?"
33.

What conclusion can the reader draw from the information in this passage?

A.	Mark's favorite activity to do with his big brother is four-wheeling.	B.	Mario is concerned about helping Mark become as popular as he is.	C.	Mario always breaks his promise of going four-wheeling with Mark.	D.	Mark was looking forward to spending time with his older brother.

34.

Which quote from the passage best supports the idea that Mario is a loving brother?

A.	"Um, because you're my little brother, and I have no idea what is going on in your life?"	B.	"Now you can find something to do with your friends instead of spending your Saturday with your bratty little brother."	C.	"I figured you'd be out at the mall hanging out with your friends or something."	D.	"You sad I'm not going to be able to beat you at four-wheeling today?"

"No! I will not come back to the dance club. This is the last time I am going to let her hurt my feelings."
Amanda ran up the staircase to the roof. "Amanda! Wait!" Ethan called. "I want to talk to you."
"About what? Ellen's inconsiderate casting policies? The end of my career with Dance Happy?" Amanda asked.
"Amanda, what if Ellen wasn't being inconsiderate on purpose? What if she thought it was best for everyone involved to just kill two birds with one stone?" Ethan said.
"If she thought she did what was best for everyone, she thought wrong," Amanda said. "This is the third time she has chosen someone else to dance the lead over me."
"Well, who she chose wasn't just anyone." Ethan replied. "Chelsea comes from one of the wealthiest families in our town. I think Ellen picked her because donations are down this year. She wants to have funding for the rest of us to be able to dance."
"If we choose someone to dance lead based on her family background instead of her passion for dance, haven't we compromised the art?" Amanda said.
"If we aren't able to keep the doors to the studio open, will it matter who is passionate about dance and who is not?"
35.

Based on this passage, which of the following best describes Ethan?

A.	discouraged and betrayed	B.	impulsive and quick-witted	C.	level-headed and honest	D.	very impatient and annoyed

36.

Based on the information in the passage, what can the reader infer about Dance Happy?

A.	Dance Happy is a well-known dance club.	B.	Dance Happy is a money-making business.	C.	Dance Happy needs more financial support.	D.	Dance Happy needs more talented dancers.

37.

Which sentence from the passage could be used to support the idea that Ellen has done this before?

A.	"If she thought she did what was best for everyone, she thought wrong."	B.	"What if she thought it was best for everyone involved to just kill two birds with one stone?"	C.	"This is the last time I am going to let her hurt my feelings."	D.	"Amanda, what if Ellen wasn't being inconsiderate on purpose?"

38.

According to what Ethan says about Ellen in this passage, which word best describes her?

A.	inconsiderate	B.	selfish	C.	practical	D.	harsh

Is Junk Food Habit-Forming?

Some scientists think so. A Princeton University study of rats found that many of them became anxious and had the shakes after the sugar in their diets was removed. These symptoms are similar to those of people who once used illegal drugs and are experiencing pain from discontinuing their use.
Researchers said that high fat foods may release "pleasure chemicals" in the brain that mimic the effects of drugs like opiates. These are drugs that can be used as pain relievers like morphine. Some people also abuse them in the form of illegal drugs like heroin. Using opiates for too long can cause people to form an addiction, or habit. Scientist and researchers say that people can also become dependent on sweet food.
Another study from the University of Wisconsin Medical School observed how a group of rats behaved after they had sweet, salty, and fatty food. Scientists then injected the rats with a fake form of the opiates the brain produces on its own. The rats ate up to six times more fat when they received access to the junk food again. Researchers said the lasting changes in the rats' brain chemistry were similar to those of people who have abused morphine or heroin.
In yet another study, rats were given unlimited access to candy bars, bacon, pound cake, and other junk food. They quickly gained weight and eating became so compulsive for the rats that they kept doing it even when their legs were receiving an electric shock as a warning to stop eating.
The junk food was then taken away and replaced by healthier food. Surprisingly, the rats refused to eat anything at all for two weeks. Again, researchers noticed changes in the rat's brains that resulted from their unhealthy diets. Other rats in the study were fed healthy food and had limited access to junk food. They did not eat compulsively.
There is not yet scientific research that shows how this relates to the human mind, but many researchers have suggested that severe weight gain in humans may be linked to changes in the brain caused by diets high in fat and sugar.
39.

Which statement from the passage represents information that could be useful in studying severe weight gain in humans?

A.	Another study from the University of Wisconsin Medical School observed how rats behaved after they had sweet, salty, and fatty food.	B.	Other rats in the study were fed healthy food and had limited access to junk food.	C.	They quickly gained weight and eating became so compulsive for the rats that they kept doing it even when their legs were receiving an electric shock as a warning to stop eating.	D.	Scientists then injected the rats with a fake form of the opiates the brain produces on its own.

40.

Read this quote from the passage.
Researchers said that high fat foods may release "pleasure chemicals" in the brain that mimic the effects of opiates.
What is implied by this statement?

A.	Some people's brains respond to junk food like an illegal drug.	B.	People addicted to drugs should replace them with sugar.	C.	Some people are fooled into thinking junk food is a drug.	D.	Junk food should be treated like other illegal drugs are.

kokeslo

2012-03-15